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However, the heart has been found to suffer the most, particularly with radiation to the thorax or mediastinum, the central part of the thoracic cavity.
It is perhaps the most poignant deathbed in English literature: the poet John Keats, on February 23rd 1821, released at last still only 25 from a body in which doctors are amazed he has been able to live at all, with the thoracic cavity blackened and the lungs destroyed.
This nerve (illustrated right, in an early anatomical drawing) starts in the brain and runs, via numerous branches, to several thoracic and abdominal organs including the heart.
Spiracles are usually found on certain thoracic and abdominal segments.
Nephrocytes are present at the bases of thoracic legs and elsewhere in the body of mainly primitive groups.
The thoracic part of the esophagus is particularly difficult to reach, but in 1909 the British surgeon Arthur Evans successfully operated on it for cancer.
These advances allowed thoracic surgery to move into modern times.
There is one pair of thoracic breathing pores (spiracles) and a maximum of six abdominal pairs.
It is located in the chest (thoracic) cavity behind the breastbone (sternum), in front of the windpipe (trachea), the esophagus, and the descending aorta, between the lungs, and above the diaphragm (the muscular partition between the chest and abdominal cavities).
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For example, injury to the cord at mid-thoracic levels spares the arms, which are innervated by fibres originating from higher segments, but it causes characteristic signs (abnormal posture, spastic tone, weakness, increased deep reflexes, and abnormal plantar reflexes) of damage to motor neurons originating below that level as well as the loss of bladder and bowel control.
Among them are Dr Nicholas Hopkinson, consultant chest physician and chair of a specialist lung disease advisory group of the British Thoracic Society, Anna Gilmore, professor of public health in Bath and John Ashton, president of the UK Faculty of Public Health.
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