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Findings provide practical ideas on how to lessen the social desirability bias of this type of questionnaires, whilst prioritising the specific aspects of intercultural competence to be measured.
Most experts are not keen in answering this type of questionnaires".
A variety of ways of dealing with missing item responses in this type of questionnaires have been proposed [ 5].
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The reason for selecting this type of questionnaire for the participants of this study was that these types of questions were recommended, since according to McCafferty (1994), if the tasks are difficult, the probability of producing private speech will be higher.
Four weeks is the maximum recall period that is recommended for this type of questionnaire [32], is suited to the effects of therapy on a chronic illness [33] and is also used in well-known PROMs such as the SF-36 [34].
For these reasons we preferred an anonymous self-completion questionnaire: this type of questionnaire would make the answers less embarrassing for the participants, would guarantee better confidentiality and anonymity, and would also diminish the social convenience bias (the participants did not need to admit that some of their sexual behaviour was not what had been recommended in the STD clinic).
According to Dutch law, this type of questionnaire study is exempt from ethics approval.
This type of questionnaire, called an interview schedule was necessary, as most of the participants of the study were illiterate.
Therefore, this type of questionnaire design seems useful in the assessment of household pesticides, at least for recent exposure.
The IPAQ was translated from English by two independent experts who were familiar with this type of questionnaire.
However, a formal psychometric approach in the validation of this type of questionnaire could be misleading because of the lack of clearly related domains or dimensions.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com