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This tool comprises six sections that assess reporting, external validity, internal validity (bias), internal validity (confounding), and power.
This tool comprises 11 items related to the steps taken when conducting a systematic review, and it is claimed to have good face and content validity.
23 This tool comprises three parts: the main component (comprising 15 descriptors (11 sensory; 4 affective)); the visual analogue scale (10 cm horizontal line with clearly defined boundaries, which ranges from 'no pain' to the 'worst possible pain'); and the Present Pain Intensity index (six-point verbal rating scale).
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This tool comprised 10 items, with the response options being yes (1), no (0), and unable to tell (0).
This tool comprised a rotary actuator (RE10CLL, MDP, Miribel, France) connected to a threaded screw that pushed a blunt pin into an insertion tube loading the array.
This tool, comprising three questions and a standard set of photographs, appears to fulfill the requirements of an effective epidemiological tool with regard to feasibility, coherence and repeatability and is suitable for the measurement of self reported prevalence of enamel opacities and the impact they have in a population of young adolescents.
This tool comprised questions asking about the presence of white marks on their teeth and whether these marks bothered the volunteers and a sheet of grouped photographs of anterior teeth showing opacities ranging from TF 0, TF 1 2 to TF 2 3.
This financial planning tool comprises the sale of an existing life insurance policy by an elderly policyholder, for more than the current cash surrender value.
This user-friendly tool comprises two five-item scales evaluating patient beliefs about the necessity of medication relative to concern about adverse effects and predicts medication adherence more robustly than clinical or sociodemographic factors [ 35, 36].
Input data for the tool comprised time series data and prior knowledge about potential regulatory interactions between the components.
The second element of the tool comprised of a modification of the arrhythmia-specific PPAQ questionnaire developed by Wood et al. This was originally developed using techniques including formative research, exploratory factor analysis, expert review, and pilot study.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com