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Among the main weaknesses, the retrospective design makes this study prone to confounding and bias.
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There are some limitations in this study, such as the retrospective nature of the study prone to bias of uncertain kind and a relatively small number of patients.
Because of the retrospective nature of the study prone to the selection bias, the results of this study should be cautiously extrapolated to other patient population.
These made the study prone to selection bias.
First, as the authors also state, this is an observational study, prone to unmeasured and residual confounding that may have played a dominant role in eliciting these paradoxical results.
This is a prospective and observational study, prone to bias of selection and residual confounding.
In this study diabetes prone rats were administered pure cultures of L. johnsonii or L. reuteri isolated from diabetes resistant rats to determine the effect on type 1 diabetes development.
This study is prone to some limitations.
But this study is prone to allocation bias as students were selected to be peer educators.
Like other retrospective cost assessments, this study was prone to recall error regarding utilisation of healthcare services.
This study was prone to criticism due to small sample size, low statistical power, and selection bias of controls.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com