In this article I describe various species of this problem, illustrating it with examples from leading medical journals, including The Journal of the American Medical Association JAMAA), The British Medical Journal(BMJ), The Lancet and The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM).
This problem goes under many names; Allen & Bekoff (1997) refer to this as "the other species of mind problem" and Prinz (2005) calls it "The Who Problem".
In this entry we examine the two main species of the problem of evil that Leibniz addresses.
In nature, flies of this species may occasionally encounter problems finding mates when population densities are low, so females may exercise choice when they have a possibility to do so and accept less-favoured males when there are no "better" ones available [ 39].
For example, they introduce cover crops to provide a habitat for beneficial insects that are the natural enemy of problem species, or have small sheep graze between the vine rows, eating the grass and weeds.
As evolution shaped larger and longer lived species, the problem of cancer suppression became more challenging, and the solutions for suppressing cancer became remarkably effective.
When comparing across different species, the problem of multiple sequence alignment can be represented and explored through phylogenetic tree graphs in which evolutionary links between these species are inferred from conservation of DNA sequences across species.
Through decades of diverging opinions, at least one component of the species problem – the disagreement over what exactly species are – has found resolution in the consensus view that species are solely defined as separately evolving metapopulation lineages [1], [2], [3].
It's because of the species problem that in reality "species" doesn't really mean anything in itself.
In spite of this apparent intractability, we feel that a good deal of the species problem would be eliminated with a more effective approach to teaching about species at the high school and college levels.
Even Charles Darwin, the author of "The Origin of Species", had a problem with species.
