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This Research does not involve human participants and/or animals.
This research does not involve human subjects, human materials.
This research does not involve any human subjects.
As such, this research does not involve human subjects, human material or human patient data; for this reason, ethical approval from our institutional research ethics board was deferred.
This research does not involve human subjects, human material, or human data, nor animals or plant subjected to any ethical framework, thus no ethic approval was needed.
This research does not involve any human subject, and secondary sources of information such as scientific papers and bills payment were used.
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This research did not involve experiments on humans or animals.
We were advised by our local research ethics committee that formal approval was not required as this research did not involve human subjects, and was a systematic review of published literature.
This research did not involve human subject.
This research did not involve experiments on animals.
This research did not involve human subjects and thus did not require ethics committee review.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com