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Instead, this knowledge is understood to be produced by a process internal to scientific knowledge itself.
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Serious scientists know science cannot advance unless knowledge is understood as a kind of commons.
Epistemological thought is relegated in these texts, which focuses more on technological solutions and didactic design, but in most cases, knowledge is understood from an empirical and positivist perspective.
That is, how knowledge is understood, created, reproduced, improved, transmitted, etc. and if possible, how these systems do or do not intend to contribute to the development of personal epistemologies (Holma & Hyytinen, 2015).
Under Augustine's influence Grosseteste subscribes to an illuminationist account of human knowledge, according to which human knowledge is understood by analogy to bodily vision: as a body can only be seen if light is shed on it and the eyes, so something can only be known if a spiritual light is shed on it and the mind's eye.
Knowledge is understood for what it is, a means towards those ends, not an end unto itself.
Tacit knowledge is understood here as something that is particularly relevant to some areas of science (biology), but not others (chemistry): "[d]eveloping biological weapons appears to require more tacit knowledge, while chemists may be adequately positioned to develop weapons after consulting relevant documentation" (p. 35).
For this kind of theory, knowledge was understood on the model of the observation of a fixed and independent object on the part of a subject.
This was another reason why knowledge was understood to be language-like, and it is also one of the reasons that the field of etymology and logic were so important in the Middle Ages.
At that time, almost everything in the domain of systematic knowledge was understood to be a branch of philosophy.
By contrast, during the Renaissance, knowledge was understood as a matter of resemblance between signs.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com