This problem for instance arises when metastasising models of human solid tumours are used (Giavazzi et al, 1986; Fodstad et al, 1988; Morikawa et al, 1988; Shoemaker et al, 1991) and their growth and dissemination potential has to be evaluated for an estimation of efficacy of therapeutic approaches.
Another instance arises from HSV-2-encoded miRNAs, which help to establish the latent viral infection state via inhibition of expression of HSV-2 ICP34.5 and ICP0 [33], [33].
While it is a credible hypothesis that the experience of sexual pleasure, for instance, arose out of the evolutionary process, the motivation itself has nothing to do with procreation, and in fact it motivates humans to avoid procreation.
Feature filmmaking won't end any time soon — it's what most filmmakers, no less than critics, love — but it may begin to change, for instance, arising out of clusters of short films (as "collective: unconscious" does), to shrink, or to grow into double-wide vehicles, such as Bruno Dumont's "Li'l Quinquin," made of a collection of episodes of fifty minutes or less.
In general, there is, however, still very limited information on the distributional effects of different policies, and even less systematic evaluation of possible equity-efficiency trade-offs (which can for instance arise if strict sanctions increase employment and poverty at the same time).
Such variation can, for instance, arise from changes in wind or current velocity for migrating birds and fish, respectively.
Positive effects can for instance arise when soil biota improve the nutritional quality of leaves [11] [13], or damage production sites of defence molecules in the roots [14].
Positive effects can for instance arise as a result of the destruction by root-feeding nematodes of production sites of secondary metabolites in the roots [41].
Abnormal patterning of aortic arches and CAT observed in Cited2 deficiency could, for instance, arise from defective neural crest development.
Secondly, without losing comparability, it allows the use of datasets with heterogeneous sequence lengths, which for instance arise from a combination of raw reads and assembled contigs.
