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(This initial item bank is available upon request from L.A.C).
From this initial item bank, 25 items were deleted and 35 were revised and underwent a second round of cognitive interviews.
We then had a six-member research team, consisting of experts and practitioners in survey development, gerontology, geriatrics, and long-term care, choose their candidate items from this initial item pool.
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Although many items may be lost during theoretical and psychometric analysis, an alternative already mentioned in this study would be to begin the initial item pool with at least twice the desired items of the final scale.
Items assessing pity were included in the initial item pool because previous studies on stigma had included this construct.
Both studies used only the literature review to generate and operationalize the initial item pool.
Methods for the initial item generation can be classified as deductive, inductive, or a combination of the two.
From these empirically-derived themes, we generated the initial item pool for the current instructional climate survey (CICS).
In the first step, commonly referred as "item generation," the researcher provides theoretical support for the initial item pool (Hutz et al. 2015).
Regarding number of items, the majority of the studies (49.6%, n = 52) lost more than 50% of the initial item pool during the validation process.
Members of the research team, working with a survey expert, generated a pool of Guttman scale (yes/no) items that comprised the initial item pool for pilot testing.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com