This conventional decomposition of the change or difference in ULC into two effects has been applied to investigate the sources of cost competitiveness for industries or countries.4 Van Ark et al. (2005) compare the ULC of the manufacturing sector for OECD member countries.
Framing effects have been applied in a wide range of fields including politics, consumer behaviour and health[ 30- 34].
Mixed effects linear models with Student's- t distributed error effects have been applied to mute the impact of residual outliers, for example in a situation where preferential treatment of some individuals was suspected [ 4].
Therefore, a considerable array of techniques derived from a variety of physical and chemical effects have been applied to the problem, from electrical potentials (EEG, source imaging), nuclear magnetic resonance (fMRI), and radioisotope-tagged markers (PET and single-photon emission computed tomography, SPECT).
An optimized GSMBE growth process based on the memory effect studied has been applied to precisely control the InGaP/InGaAs and InGaP/GaAs interface quality and composition.
A Bottom Up methodology based on component level Failure Mode and Effect Analysis has been applied to point out accident initiators.
These have been widely considered to be manifestations of the Hawthorne effect, though this term has been applied in many different ways and is not helpful when used without specification of content [ 17].
The CLUE (Conversion of Land Use and its Effects) model has been applied to obtain the spatial pattern of land use change for a scenario with soybean expansion in the Cerrado of Maranhão State in Brazil.
This model has been applied to study the effect of physical variables such as the porosity, radius of pellet, radius of grains (particle size) in the pellet and the effect of starting with a partially reduced oxide.
A bottom-up methodology based on component level failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) has been applied to perform the safety analyses for Chinese ITER TBM design with helium-cooled solid breeder (HCSB) concept for testing in ITER device.
