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This determinant has been reported to determine AOS/HPL activity as well.
This determinant has been considered by several authors.
But this determinant is zero if and only if.
Since this determinant is different from zero, the solution of Equation 25 is unique.
The index of p is just the sign of this determinant (see, e.g., [29]).
By Proposition 2, this determinant value implies that P E is inefficient.
If we expand this determinant according to the last row and divide by, then we get the right-hand side of (5.18).
This determinant is used to efficiently control water and wastewater treatment processes and to demonstrate compliance to EMA-imposed discharge consents in the Trinidad and Tobago situation.
This determinant induces in a familiar way (e.g., Segerberg (1982), §3.3) the following condition on ⊩: that for all φ, ψ, we have φ ∨ ψ ⊩ φ, ψ.
By reducing to the Vandermonde determinant, it is not hard to find the value of this determinant; one has Δ 1 = 2 m − 1 ( m − 1 ) ! ( 2 m − 4 ) ! !
The quadratic effect of life expectancy was not considered in the estimation of the happiness index given that this determinant does not cross the critical value associated to the change in the slope.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com