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This critical frequency is determined as the value of fNL.
In other words, a pseudo-resonance phenomenon occurs at this critical frequency ratio.
The existence of this critical frequency was found to depend on the phase of the residence time oscillation, and only occurred when the phase was such that the residence time decreased from the initial conditions.
For this critical frequency and the standard signal parameters, the relationship between the standard rate constant of the first step, the transfer coefficient of this step and the difference between standard potentials of two steps is calculated.
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In this paper, the critical frequency of F2 layer of the ionosphere (foF2) and the total electron content (TEC) recorded at mid- and low-latitude observation sites near 120°E in the China zone were used to investigate the response to a severe geomagnetic storm on March 17, 2015 (the minimum Dst −223 nT at 23 UT).
In this study the damping below the critical frequency of the "thick plate" with an "attached plate" and air layer has been investigated by using an impedance approach.
This indicates that CuPc doping causes a decrease in the critical frequency.
The smaller the order, the lower is the critical frequency.
The theory predicts that the maximum of the critical frequency should occur at local noon.
Three diurnal peaks of the critical frequency of the F2-layer are clearly shown.
Negative differences indicated that IRI systematically underestimated the critical frequency of the E layer.
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