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"This suggests a spiral of silence might spill over from online contexts to in-person contexts, though our data cannot definitively demonstrate this causation," warns the report.
The only, but crucially big, question: is this causation - using smartphones more means you spend more - or correlation: people who use their smartphones more are also, for whatever reason, big spenders?
It might be further held that this causation by the agent consists entirely in causation by mental events or states of certain kinds, such as the agent's desiring, believing, or intending something in particular.
Scientific studies have not been able to prove this causation conclusively, however, and research has also suggested that THC has significant therapeutic value to patients suffering from cancer, AIDS or glaucoma.
Although we have controlled for various factors, this causation is probably bidirectional: deteriorating SRH also leads to increased healthcare utilization.
The verification of this causation would have important clinical implications: even if myocardial ischemia is not caused by high plasma lipid, the plasma lipid should also be monitored closely in case that the symptom was aggravated by lipid metabolism disorders.
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Although we employed causal analyses in this study, we cannot completely exclude the possibility of this reverse causation because we did not assess pre-conception mental health status.
This word, "causation," is a strong one.
On this account, causation is not constituted by causal dependence.
I test this ecological causation hypothesis by providing data on specific leaf area (sla) and water use efficiency (δ 13C) of leaves from males and females of several Leucadendron species.
On this view, causation is local (the processes must intersect) and singular (it is fully instantiated in particular causal processes), though the account relies upon laws of conservation (Hitchcock 1995).
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com