These approaches add to the existing array of techniques for controlling for exam difficulty in STEM education research, including use of identical exams (Mazur, 1997; Freeman et al., 2007); concept inventories or other standardized, third-party tests (e.g., Hestenes et al., 1992); and isomorphic or "formally equivalent" questions (e.g., Smith et al., 2009).
McGrath (2014) divided the GDSE process life cycle into six phases: Design (initial design and game design document), Develop/redevelop (game engine development), Evaluate (if not passed, then redevelop), Test (internal testing), Review release (third-party testing), and Release (game launch).
"We used third-party testing for everything," asserts Parrish.
Other features of the bill include whistle-blower protections and third-party testing requirements for certain children's products.
Still, he said his company conducts third-party testing of its toys to make sure that its finishes are safe.
But a spokeswoman, Julie Vallese, said the commission supported the expansion of third-party testing by independent laboratories.
Sesame Workshop, the nonprofit organization behind the "Sesame Street" program, is considering adding third-party testing, Gary E. Knell, president and chief executive of Sesame Workshop, said in a statement.
Typically a manufacturer seeking F.C.C. approval creates and refines a product that it submits to a third-party testing laboratory for certification before applying to the commission itself.
It would ban lead in children's products and require third-party testing and certification for products going to children age 12 or under.
Congress is considering legislation that would set tougher quality-control measures, including third-party testing of toys and possibly other child products, and the elimination of lead.
Yesalis lobbied for independent third-party testing for all sports by the United States Anti-Doping Agency, whose chief executive is Terry Madden.
