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Thin penetration pegs arising from beneath the appressoria pierce the host cuticle and cell wall, and differentiate into large bulbous invasive primary hyphae that are biotrophic in nature.
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To achieve the low electron-landing energies required for thinner penetration while avoiding detector sensitivity issues, we decelerated the probe-beam electrons at the final stage of imaging after the objective lens with the use of a negative-bias voltage applied at the sample stage.
Initially, gold is sputtered until the 200-eV argon ions are able to penetrate the thin gold film (penetration depth of argon is around 2 nm10) and induce mixing with silicon.
Thinner axial-penetration depth achieved with probe-beam deceleration improved axial resolution.
After the appressorium has been formed, a thin infection or penetration peg emerging from the base of the appressorium pierces the host cuticle and cell wall, and grows in between the plant cell wall and plasma membrane.
For short path lengths, such as those encountered in penetration of thin films, the emergent particles show a kind of energy straggling called Landau type (for the Soviet physicist Lev Landau).
This paper concerns energy absorption during projectile penetration of thin, lightweight sandwich panels with metallic fibre cores.
This paper describes a series of LS-DYNA numerical simulations for studying the impact and penetration of thin plates by small fragment impactors.
Low alloy steels are particularly suitable welds can be made rapidly in thin sections, and full penetration can be achieved in thicker sections in a single pass.
Wiley, New York, 1989; Mechanisms of dynamic fragmentation: factors governing growth size, SAND84-2304C, SaNational Laboratoriesories, Albuquerque, NM, 1984] to estimate the size and distribution of fragments generated due to impact and penetration of thin plates by spherical projectiles.
The destruction of nail plate facilities the diffusion and invasion of hyphae to deeper surrounding tissues and penetration of thin layer of keratinocytes.
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