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The deep-sea drag dredge would be designed to skim only a thin layer of material from the seafloor until its bucket is filled with nodules.
A thin layer of material from the original impact and ensuing firestorms -- a chemical fingerprint of sorts -- has been discovered in 65-million-year-old rocks around the world.
The method uses a thin layer of material (the measurement medium) glued on the conveyor belt.
Such conditions may occur when a relatively thin layer of material is removed (bauxite mining; Koch 2007) or the bulk of the material can be returned without drastic physical or chemical alteration (sand mining; Smith and Nichols 2011).
The concept is based on the use of an external electrical energy source, delivering a high intensity current, passing through a thin layer of material between the back plate and the lower tip of the tool probe.
To this end, LIBS can provide an equivalent of depth profile analysis, taking into account that each laser pulse removes from the surface a thin layer of material and therefore the subsequent pulse always probes the paint slightly deeper, in its stratigraphy, than the previous one [16, 17].
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The best known patents cover soft lithography, Professor Whitesides's method of depositing extremely thin layers of material onto a surface in carefully controlled patterns.
In place of a field-effect transistor's channel, quantum-effect devices have an "island", insulated from both the source and drain by thin layers of material.
Relishing the flavour Picking winners Instant messaging joins the firm Solar cells go organic ReprintsOther methods of depositing thin layers of material on objects may be more familiar, but most have limits to their usefulness.
Generally speaking, only gamma radiation and neutron radiation are important in shield design since beta radiation (high-energy electrons) and alpha radiation (helium nuclei) are easily attenuated by fairly thin layers of material.
In any case, hindered by its poor conductivity and with the only exception of very thin layers of material [15], the specific capacitance of MnO2 is far from the theoretical 1,250 F g−1, calculated for a redox process involving one electron per manganese atom in a potential window of 0.9 V, and instead it rarely exceeds 400 F g−1 [17, 18, 19, 19, 20].
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