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Secondary growth of thin hyphae was even observed within empty hyphal ghosts.
Actinoplanes spp. are Gram-positive aerobic bacteria growing in thin hyphae very similar to fungal mycelium [ 1].
Finally, macropycnidiospores germinate to form thin hyphae, consisting of very elongated cells that extend by polar tip growth (Wiese, 1987; Fig. 1B).
This phenomenum has been observed, for example, during nitrogen starving surface cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium for which thin hyphae rather than thick hyphae have been shown to secrete manganese peroxidase [ 55].
Throughout the course of starvation, there was a gradual transition from thick (old) to thin (young) hyphae for the cytoplasm filled fraction, suggesting that compartments of older hyphae originating from the exponential growth phase gradually underwent cell death and became empty while a new population of thin hyphae started to grow on the expense of dying compartments.
Beyond the initial infection site, where hyphae have crossed the epidermis and often form thick coils in the underlying cortical cells, the typical appearance of fungal structures in the cortex changes and is now dominated by thin hyphae growing in the apoplast, leading to an expansion of the infected area.
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Alternatively, iron-limitation may have led to longer but thinner hyphae, such that radial growth but not biomass was increased.
In response to carbon starvation, a second population of thinner hyphae with a mean diameter of approximately 1 μm emerged.
Our data showed that older hyphae with larger diameters grown during carbon-sufficient conditions gradually became empty, giving rise to a new population of thinner hyphae.
The mycelium derived from a germinating Δcas2 ascospore was composed of thin vacuolated hyphae indicating that CAS2 is needed at conditions of higher HCO3− demand (Figure 7B).
Single-celled fungal spores and thin fungal hyphae should be much more susceptible to Alliaria allelochemicals than mature plant tissues.
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