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Certain optical processing techniques require that the phase of the optical field be changed, and, hence, a filter with no absorption but varying optical thickness is required.
A precise measurement of graphene thickness is required for the design and development of nano-devices based on the material.
This makes the horse model an obvious choice if human-like cartilage thickness is required, however, the acquisition cost and handling difficulties significantly limits a more widespread use.
Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) have a significantly lower thermal conductivity than conventional insulation materials which means less thickness is required to achieve the targeted thermal transmittance.
In the analyses of multiphase flows with DIM usually an artificial enlargement of the interface thickness is required for numerical reasons.
We also investigate the effect of using the different index spacer, e.g., the higher index layer of TiO2, and find that more delicate tuning of the spacer thickness is required in the case of the higher index spacer, for the device efficiency optimization.
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Results of calculation showed that when liquid-nitrogen-impregnated polypropylene laminated paper was chosen for a dielectric material, great thickness was required to reduce heat exchange between counter-flows.
To stop recoils over the full fission mass range effectively, three degraders of increasing thickness are required, one to cover the light fission peak and two for the isotopes in the heavy fission peak.
At the outset, one must ask the following questions: What fluids are conveyed?, What do we want to do with the fluid?, How will we do what?, What materials, size, and thickness are required?, What is the layout?, and How will the piping be supported?
As mentioned above, different slab thicknesses are required for different regions of wavelengths (channels) scanning and spectral resolution.
Therefore, overtopping flow velocities and layer thicknesses are required in addition to average overtopping rates as hydraulic boundary conditions for the geotechnical stability analysis of seadikes.
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