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The thickness of the skin piece (1.5 to 2 mm) was measured using a micrometer (Dial Thickness Gage, 2046 S, Mitutoyo Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan).
These oxide films on aluminum were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thickness gage, and polarization curves, respectively.
The thickness of irradiated skin was measured by 7 days of treatment by dial thickness gage (Mitutoyo).
Paw swelling was measured by using a dial thickness gage (Mitutoyo, Kanagawa, Japan) and was calculated as right paw thickness minus left paw thickness.
After dissection, the length and diameter of the internode were determined with a digital caliper (type SKU 47257; Harbor Freight Tools, Camarillo, CA, USA) and a manual thickness meter (Dial Thickness Gage 2046F; Mitutoyo, Andover, UK), respectively.
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The through-thickness gage factor (reversible fractional change in resistance per unit strain) ranges from 2.6 to 5.1 and the reversible fractional change in through-thickness resistivity per unit through-thickness strain ranges from 1.5 to 4.0, both quantities decreasing with increasing strain magnitude from 0.19% to 0.73% due to the increasing irreversible effect.
Reduction of flange angle thickness or increment of gage distance from the angle heel to the centerline of bolt hole can increase the magnitude of prying force.
The studied parameters were as follows: beam depth, end-plate thickness, bolts diameter, bolts pitch, bolts gage, and end-plate stiffener.
FE analysis results demonstrated that the distance of the prying force acting point from the centerline of bolthole at the ultimate level of loading mostly depended on the thickness of the top angle and gage distance from angle heel to the centerline of bolthole (Ahmed and Hasan 2015).
Test results were calibrated in finite element modeling to account for strain gage local stiffening effects and thickness normalization.
The table shows that the distance b mostly depends on the thickness of top angle t t and gage distance ( g_{t}^{prime } ) from angle heel to the centerline of bolt hole.
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