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Impacting after the conditioning phase for various time intervals did not increase considerably the damage size but produced a greater density of through thickness damage, which resulted in a lower compression after impact (CAI) strength measured on a newly designed miniaturised CAI rig.
Following light exposure, a full thickness damage resulted.
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Children are more likely to suffer serious burns and scalds than adults because of the fact that their skin is thin and more liable to full-thickness damage.
Having a thick and weak top layer, compared to the base layer, increases the probability to obtain through-thickness damage failure in favor of delamination.
By tuning the time delay between the two laser beams and laser energy, through-thickness damage position and severity can respectively be adjusted.
Bolt torque increases the density of through-thickness damage though limits its extension from the hole edge, whilst bolt clearance causes localisation of the damage region.
A method is proposed for the experimental characterization of through-the-thickness damage propagation in multidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates.
Through experimental and computational methods, a helicoidal architecture is shown to reduce through-thickness damage propagation in a composite panel during an impact event and result in an increase in toughness.
Furthermore, the analysis provides rich insight into the damage progression and joint behaviour at the ply level, with the in-plane and through-thickness damage patterns mapped for increasing applied load.
Earlier studies of blunt trauma in canine articular cartilage found biochemical aberrations in addition to structural full-thickness damage to the cartilaginous matrix of chondrocytes when subjected to intra-articular fractures without obvious displacement of the subchondral bone [4, 5, 6].
This is demonstrated by both current schemes (Fig. 5a & b) and the two older scales (Neild et al. 1998 & Blong 2003b; Fig. 5c & d), as based on thicknesses damage should have been much more severe, with decades of recovery and retiring of land predicted (Tables 5 and 6; Fig. 5).
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