Area C is located at the southwestern edge of the present study region and has the thickest resistive layer.
In addition, the two western areas (C and D), which are both located close to subduction zones, have thicker resistive layers, and the two eastern areas (A and B), which are located farther offshore and closer to the Shatsky Rise, have thinner resistive layers.
Area C shows the thickest resistive layer, which was also confirmed to be a robust feature by 3-D inversion analysis (Tada et al. 2014), and that of Area D falls between those of Area B and Area C. All four models differ significantly from each other.
The subsurface was found to consist of three zones for the first 6 m of the pile, mainly based on electrical resistivities: a thin superficial conductive material, an intermediate 2 to 3 m thick highly resistive zone, and a lower, more conductive medium.
This segment may likely fail in future due to basement depression, that is thick low resistive weathered layer beneath VES 23.
The imaging of the GCL geoelectrical properties is a challenging problem because it is a very thin (between 4 and 7 mm thick) and resistive layer (from 100,000 to 2,000,000 Ω·m) depending on meteorological conditions and aging.
Then, an about 20-nm-thick ZrO2 resistive switching layer was deposited on the Pt BE by a radio frequency magnetron sputtering at different temperatures, including RT, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, and 300°C.
Thick and low resistive substratum (< 100 Ωm, clayey sub-grade soil).
A in-house fabricated TiO2 based thick film pH resistive sensor is used in (Mitar et al., 2016).
It can be concluded that the possible causes of incessant highway pavement failure along the studied highway are: i. Thick and low resistive substratum (< 100 Ωm, clayey sub-grade soil).
