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External sound is excluded by physical isolation of the structure, by elaborate acoustical filters in the ventilating ducts, and by thick masonry walls.
A medieval discovery revived in modern times is that a thick masonry wall opposite the fireplace is capable of absorbing and re-radiating heat.
They chose not to use thick masonry or cement to encase the three escape stairways in each tower but rather light sheets of gypsum.
When cutting thick masonry or metal, it is best to start with a shallow cut, then make several passes, increasing the depth of the cut each time.
Characteristic features of Portuguese colonial architecture primarily manifested in coastal forts and castles include high towers, thick masonry walls with gun turrets, large storage spaces and dungeons for slaves, and living quarters sited within defensive walls.
Significant damages have been observed in relatively new framed structures mainly in Government buildings, thick masonry structures, while, the older wooden frame (ekra) non-engineered structures performed well during the earthquake.
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"We made sure that it was in agreement with the code," Mr. Lombardi said, adding that the tank was placed in an eight-inch-thick masonry enclosure.
Nearly 7,000 feet below the mountain crest, Simplon encountered major problems from highly stressed rock flying off the walls in rock bursts; high pressure in weak schists and gypsum, requiring 10-foot-thick masonry lining to resist swelling tendencies in local areas; and from high-temperature water (130° F [54° C]), which was partly treated by spraying from cold springs.
The method is first validated in a simulation study, and then applied for predicting the airborne sound insulation of a series of partition walls of increasing complexity: a thin plastic plate, a wall consisting of gypsum blocks, a thicker masonry wall and a double glazing.
Another method of fastening lumber up to 1 1/2 inches thick to masonry is to use a powder-actuated fastening tool that fires special nails with a.22-caliber gunpowder cartridge.
The tube frame design using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed-on fire resistant material created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind, compared to traditional structures such as the Empire State Building that have thick, heavy masonry for fireproofing of steel structural elements.
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