Against the background of these similarities and differences in first language and second or foreign language reading, in the following we address the constructs of reading proficiency as defined by PISA and German NA, how they were operationalized and classified into proficiency levels.
Table 1 shows a summary of the variables and how they were operationalized.
Importantly, this partnership explicitly facilitated the incorporation of more social theory into empirical research projects, both in how the projects were conceptualized and how they were operationalized.
Then, clearly define the feasibility outcomes and how they were operationalized - these should include key elements such as recruitment rates, consent rates, completion rates, variance estimates, etc.
Broad-based themes revealed intersecting mechanisms that influenced the participants' experiences of health and well-being, and depicted how they were operationalized within 'othering;' processes that reinforced fundamental ideals of 'pathologized presence, normalized absence' of asylum seekers and refugees.
In addition, since many of these approaches are new, a better understanding of how they are operationalized and enforced is necessary to truly evaluate their effectiveness.
In 5 studies, including a longitudinal study in a difficult premed course, the authors show that the impact of learning and performance goals depends on how they are operationalized.
Even in the hard sciences, metaphors are routinely used (consider Bohr's solar system metaphor of the atom), but then they are operationalized, quantified, and tested [ 24].
In such circumstances, peers are usually asked to test theories rather than collaborate in defining the means by which they are operationalized.
First, the Brach et al. [ 32] paper describes the ten HLHO attributes in a lot more detail than they are operationalized here.
The Replicating Effective Programs (REP) framework suggests that the core elements of an intervention should be standardized, but that the mechanism by which they are operationalized can be changed to allow flexibility in implementation [ 69].
