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"We should not be afraid about the current level of spreads because they only affect a small part of the public debt at any moment, which overall remains at the interest rates it was placed at years ago".
The model predicts that financial incentives, such as top income tax reductions, have limited potential to increase aggregate innovation because they only affect individuals who are exposed to innovation and have no impact on the decisions of star inventors, who matter most for aggregate innovation.
Jonathan Albright, the research director at the Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia University, has argued that Facebook's audience tools, which it often touts as giving user's control over their privacy, should instead be deemed "publicity settings", because they only affect the audience of information that a user chooses to publish.
For simplicity we neglect finite dielectric conductance and conductor resistance as their effect is small for high Q-factor resonators and to first order they only affect the internal quality factor and can be accounted for separately.
A major difference between channels modeled by the 3GPP 3D model and Rayleigh fading stems from the fact that in the 3GPP 3D model, the antenna element field patterns are already incorporated in the channel coefficients, while in the Rayleigh fading case, they only affect the path loss.
FDA scientists have theorized that bad reactions to artificial colorings in certain individuals may be similar to a food allergy, in that they only affect a small group of people and need be avoided by those select individuals only, as opposed to the entire public.
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As bad as those breaches were, they only affected the users of one online service.
Similar effects of lower tiller number in Rialto NILs were observed in 2012 and 2013; however, they only affected the expression of the 6A yield and TGW effects in 2012.
Negative interest rates seem like they might only affect the rich and that is probably true for now, but they also precipitate an uneasy new dawn in global finance – one in which debt is celebrated, the refusal of governments to seek alternatives to austerity is steadfast and there's no way of money holding on to its value.
After visits, independents were 5% more likely to vote for Romney, Wood found, and they were the only group affected for longer than two days, leading him to conclude that they might only affect an extremely close election.
Also: "What is very preoccupying is that there are many other problems and that they not only affect CSIC, but all the other public research organizations and all the universities.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com