For example, gangliosides, sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids, are abundant in the nervous system, where they function in cell-cell recognition, adhesion, and signal transduction [ 57].
In addition, despite the ubiquitous presence of ribonucleases, serum miRNAs levels are remarkably stable and reproducible [ 16, 17], and they function in cell-to-cell communication [ 18].
The COPI vesicle transport system has been shown to function in most cells as an retrograde transport mechanism that returns golgi-modified proteins back to the ER where they function in cell signaling and metabolism [29], [30].
Since these deletions are often associated with resistance to current therapies, discovering the relevant TSGs and determining how they function in cell growth are high priorities.
They function as cell adhesion molecules, bridging the synaptic cleft.
They function as cell signals, virulence factors, and redox mediators, among other roles in P. aeruginosa, and, thus, are analytes of particular interest.
Homologues of ESCRT-III and Vps4 can be traced back to the archaeal phylum of the crenarchaea, where they function in cell division [8,9].
They function in cell cycle regulation by the modulation of cyclin D1 [ 10] and by their involvement in endocytic traffic [ 11, 12], such as in regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor [ 13].
How can they function in cells without disturbing the system?
From a different perspective, this study identified the extracellular ligand for two membrane proteins and showed that they function as cell-surface receptors that can transduce an extracellular signal.
