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From the first of these standpoints, the dynamic one, psychoanalysis derives all mental processes (apart from the reception of external stimuli) from the interplay of forces, which assist or inhibit one another, combine with one another, enter into compromises with one another, etc.
All these standpoints urge researchers to broaden their horizons and study the roles of ubiquitous informal institutions and pervasive guanxi.
Another way to understand the claim is in terms of pragmatic advantages: thinking from these standpoints enables us to envision and realize more just social relations (Hartsock 1996).
These standpoints and their consequences cannot always be envisaged by the public and private clients, despite territorial context studies and the continuous consultations that take place from the beginning of the project through to its commissioning.
On some level, I agree with all of these standpoints.
Yet while we cling to these standpoints for dear life, hopelessly convincing ourselves that they are truisms in the face of opposition, they are completely fluid.
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In presenting us with the collision of these two standpoints, al Aswany has written a novel that, if nothing else, feels extremely timely.
These diverse standpoints are summarised by De Schutter (2011) and Robertson and Pinstrup-Andersen (2010), who think that investments in agriculture by foreign investors are an important tool in raising the economies of poor countries, provided that populations' human rights are respected and that they are involved in the deals.
However, one study of mitochondrial DNA, blood groups, and isozymes revealed a more variable population than expected from these genetic standpoints, comparable to the diversity of some other Europeans.
Although many studies of urban China focus on inequalities between rural and urban citizens writ large (i.e., spatial separations, unequal distribution of welfare, different access to opportunities), few examine these from the standpoint of boundary formation (Davis 2000; Yan 2008; Pun 2016; Solinger 1999; Naughton 2006).
From this standpoint, these studies are more rooted in "close intervention".
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com