Sentence examples for thermal speed from inspiring English sources

(Note that ϕ0 is also reduced by slowing down the electron thermal speed υe).

The solar wind bulk speed and the ion thermal speed are also reduced in the same proportion.

(omega_{c}) is the ion gyrofrequency and (v_{text{th}}) is the thermal speed of the thermal component.

This is justified if the quiver velocity of the electron motion in the wave is large compared to the electron thermal speed [24].

Each species was fitted with a Maxwellian distribution function with a thermal speed of 200 km/s (Hartle et al., 1982).

Figure 11 shows the result of the simulation run #3, for which the Debye length is reduced to be 0.125RO by slowing down the electron thermal speed.

The initial velocity distributions are shifted Maxwellian (1) for ions and (2) for electrons, where υsw is the solar wind speed and υi and υe are the thermal speeds of ions and electrons, respectively.

The presence of excess superthermal charged particles population due to velocity space diffusion may lead to inverse power law distribution at a velocity much higher than the electron thermal speeds [32, 33, 34, 35, 36].

If we assume that this is the wake potential and that the wake potential is essentially independent of the Debye length, as long as the ratio of the thermal speeds to the solar wind speed is kept constant, it is not necessary to evaluate it in terms of the electron thermal energy, but rather, we can convert it directly into volts using υe = 0.05c for the simulation run #3.

The ratio of the phonon gas velocity to the thermal sound speed (the propagation speed of thermal wave) can be defined as the thermal Mach number.

Due to their higher thermal velocity they will speed ahead of the ions to refill the wake, setting up an ambipolar electric field due to the charge separation that will accelerate the ions into the wake (Halekas et al., 2011).