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The proposed method can effectively mitigate the thermal short and thermal expansion mismatch effects of the ITPS simultaneously.
Reactivation, primarily through mechanical shear, of pervasive, large-scale fractures is shown capable of causing both hydraulic and thermal short circuiting.
It is possible to notice, in this case, the thermal short circuit shown by the increase in water temperature in the bottom of the reservoir, about 26 to 27.5 °C.
Following the development phase, the cost effectiveness of these systems lies in their sustainability over time, i.e. at least 20 years of operation without any substantial reduction in well injectivity and/or productivity or any thermal short circuit due to a localised increase in the permeability of the deep fractured rock mass.
Thermal short and thermal expansion mismatch effects are the key design challenges of an ITPS.
Space clips can be used to separate the pipes from each other, reducing thermal short circuiting and consequently decreasing the borehole thermal resistance.
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Granneman supplies five kinds of shirts for a player to wear under his game jersey and shoulder pads: a thermal long-sleeve shirt, a thermal short-sleeve shirt ("Makes them look tough," Granneman said), a textured long-sleeve shirt, a thermal shirt with a woolen torso and a fleece extreme weather shirt.
But very high flow rates can also be counterproductive as they may cause thermal short-circuiting between wells, thereby not allowing sufficient residence time for the re-injected cold water to be heated up again by the rock at depth.
Thermal short-circuiting between the inner and outer flow channel was not a major concern for the studied GHEs with a large diameter, which can be different for GHEs of small diameter (Zanchini et al. 2010).
Taking the fluid temperature distribution along the borehole depth and thermal short-circuiting into account, a new model for coaxial tube borehole heat exchangers has been established, which provides a better understanding of the heat transfer processes in the ground heat exchangers.
At least 345 bacteriophages infecting Streptococcus thermophilus starter cultures have been isolated; general characteristics include high thermal resistance, short latent periods and large burst size.
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