The irreversibilities considered in the CCHP plant include heat-resistance losses in the hot-, cold-, thermal consumer-, generabsorber-,orber-, condenser- and evaporator-side heat exchangers as well as non-isentropic losses in the compression and expansion processes.
Heat conductance distribution among hot-, cold-, thermal consumer-, generabsorber-,orber-, condenser- and evaporator-side heat exchangers and compressor pressure ratio are optimized by taking the maximum profit rate as objective.
Numerical examples show that there exists a sole group of optimal heat conductance distribution among hot-, cold-, thermal consumer-, generabsorber-,orber-, condenser- and evaporator-side heat exchangers and an optimal compressor pressure ratio which lead to the maximum profit rate.
The objective is to attain a desirable load profile while the consumers' thermal comfort is not sacrificed.
As the algorithm guarantees thermal comfort, reluctance among consumers to employ direct load control based DSM algorithm is eliminated.
In this way, it is possible to combine the production of thermal energy delivered to consumers, with the production of electricity used for pumping the thermal agent and to cover their own consumption.
Although the effectiveness of thermal processing used by consumers could not be formally tested in this study, it has the potential to reduce the contamination by fecal coliforms, Salmonella sp., and S. aureus to safe levels, as demonstrated in the two samples analyzed.
Non-thermal processing of foods (high pressure processing, pulsed electric field, irradiation, and pulsed light) offers an alternative to conventional thermal processing to meet consumer demands for convenient, high quality, and minimally processed food products.
As can be seen in the Table 1, the measurement accuracy of the consumer-level thermal camera used is 2°C or ±2% of reading.
For example, thermal images captured using consumer-level IR thermal cameras typically have low spatial resolutions (160 × 120 or 320 × 240 pixel) and small fields-of-view compared to their digital counterparts (>1 megapixel).
