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This is the radiation coming toward us from all directions from a time when the universe was only 380,000 years old, just after it had cooled sufficiently so that the protons in the hot gas could capture electrons to form neutral hydrogen and the universe then became transparent, and the ambient thermal background of radiation could travel unimpeded to us today.
The polymer on its own and the composite mixture produced mostly a thermal background emission spectrum.
Accordingly, we let (mathbf{U}_p simeq mathbf{u}_s = mathbf{U}_i) be the bulk proton (i.e., thermal background protons and PUIs) velocity.
This method often gives better results as compared to the standard regression applied for a whole range of the measured thermal background.
The proposed approach is the most effective in cases, when high-temperature thermoluminescent components are strongly covered by a thermal background.
As reported by Decker et al. (2008, 2015), the inner heliosheath pressure contributed by energetic PUIs and anomalous cosmic rays far exceeds that of the thermal background plasma and magnetic field.
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Buckley and Hofmann [ 26] examined the extensive plasticity in Hsp induction in gobies acclimatised to different thermal backgrounds (13°C, 21°C, and 28°C).
On the Great Barrier Reef, natural bleaching conditions were described after a 5-day period of temperatures between 31°C and 32°C [ 5, 34], although coral susceptibility to thermal induced bleaching may vary among reefs with different historical thermal backgrounds [ 35– 35].
However, the impedance of the electrode increases drastically with a decrease in its size, which subsequently results in high thermal-background noise and a low signal-to-noise ratio during recording.
Initial test measurements of the neutron field inside the underground channel have confirmed calculations of the thermal neutron background.
Filmed through a thermal scope, the graphic footage shows the 'Isis fighters' being blown to bits by high-calibre rounds, while Arabic is spoken in the background.
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