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Refereeing decisions will therefore be unaffected.
The evidence for widespread adaptive evolution in the downstream target genes of sex determination in Drosophila is surprising as neither dsx nor fru interact with Sxl and both should therefore be unaffected by the recruitment of Sxl.
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The first five scenarios--which use a single relay and therefore are unaffected by the choice of selection strategy--are included to illustrate the relative improvement in spatial diversity by adding additional relays.
Our data indicate that TLC, which can be used in a semi-high-throughput manner to assess hundreds of lines [7], is a superior method for assessing fat content in Drosophila because: 1) it does not rely on enzymatic cleavage of the lipid and therefore is unaffected by lipid solubility (Fig. 1); 2) it is unaffected by eye color (Fig. 2); 3) it separates triglycerides from other glycerides (Fig. 3).
Likewise we conclude that the observed responses to inbreeding can not be explained by the mitochondrial, or any other cytoplasmic genome, since these always are haploid and therefore are unaffected by inbreeding.
The second concern is that the use of SG and TTO in policy decisions assumes that preferences an individual has regarding his own (hypothetical) health equal the preferences this individual has for the health of others, therefore being unaffected by distributional concerns [ 5, 6].
The genes flanking dlg5, therefore, appear to be unaffected.
For example, school absenteeism is a relatively non-specific measure, while laboratory specimens frequently represent severe infections (eg in the elderly, who may have little contact with children and therefore be relatively unaffected by school closure).
One surprising aspect of our findings was that the number of industry-supported studies and jointly funded studies published by JAMA decreased to a similar extent as solely industry-funded studies, despite the fact that such studies are generally analysed by academic statisticians and might therefore be expected to be unaffected by the policy requirements.
Therefore, female fertility may be unaffected by a mutation that is detrimental to male fertility.
GEN is not approved for growth promotion in the United States; therefore, consumption rates will be unaffected by decreases in antimicrobial growth promoters.
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