It may therefore be hypothesized that there is a causality in the correlation.
Our results show that for the other Sub-Saharan countries there is a unilateral causality running from GDP per capita to health expenditure, health expenditure does not granger cause GDP per capita.
There was a unidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption and CO2 emission, and a bidirectional causal effect was detected between fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emission.
This is the pattern one would expect if there were a causal effect, although there was no suggestion of a dose response effect for temporal tumors, which would also be expected if there were causality.
On the other hand, there was a bi-directional causality between GDP and PIT.
As there was a significant positive causality between the disruption of medial calcar and the occurrence of osteonecrosis of the humeral head in this study, we further classified the patients into two groups according to the presence of osteonecrosis to explore the prognostic factors predicting treatment failure.
The cross-sectional design does not allow determination of the temporal sequence of exposure and outcome, and for several outcomes there is a large potential for reversed causality, i.e. that the outcome causes an increased RF exposure rather than the opposite.
ECMO patients have a large heterogeneity in disease and health conditions, and behind 'mortality of all causes' there is a large diversity in underlying causality.
Our results indicate that there is a unidirectional causality running from nuclear consumption to economic growth in Belgium and Spain, while a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to nuclear consumption is supported in Bulgaria, Canada, Netherlands, and Sweden.
In the short run, there is a unidirectional causality from cheque payment to telegraphic transfer and card payment, as well as Granger causality from telegraphic transfer to card payment.
