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It may therefore be hypothesized that there is a causality in the correlation.
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There was a causality implied in many of the claims (get married, be happier) that no study could ever demonstrate.
Our results show that for the other Sub-Saharan countries there is a unilateral causality running from GDP per capita to health expenditure, health expenditure does not granger cause GDP per capita.
The cross-sectional design does not allow determination of the temporal sequence of exposure and outcome, and for several outcomes there is a large potential for reversed causality, i.e. that the outcome causes an increased RF exposure rather than the opposite.
ECMO patients have a large heterogeneity in disease and health conditions, and behind 'mortality of all causes' there is a large diversity in underlying causality.
Our results indicate that there is a unidirectional causality running from nuclear consumption to economic growth in Belgium and Spain, while a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to nuclear consumption is supported in Bulgaria, Canada, Netherlands, and Sweden.
In the short run, there is a unidirectional causality from cheque payment to telegraphic transfer and card payment, as well as Granger causality from telegraphic transfer to card payment.
We never said there is a direct causality".
Fossil fuel Granger cause industrial GDP and there is a bidirectional causality running between fossil fuel and population density.
There is a clear causality interpretation of a propagating front since the current motion does not depend on future events.
In the long-run, there is a bilateral causality and relationship between economic growth and health spending.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com