First, even in some of the groups included here, there were multiple origins of elaiosomes.
In this road network, there are multiple origins and destinations of trips; thus, the number of possible routes between two locations is relatively high.
It is not known with certainty where the origin of replication is located within chelicerate mitochondrial genomes, or even whether there are multiple origins.
Beyond this point, T reg continues to decrease, but T sys reaches a constant value, which is what we expect if there are multiple origins happening in different places.
Therefore, while there are multiple origins of infecting blood-feeding arthropods, the ability to be transmitted from vertebrates back into the arthropod host may have arisen once only, and subsequently been lost in the transitional group after the divergence of R. akari and Rickettsia australis.
According to our results, and in agreement with previous work of a more limited geographical scope [ 13], there are multiple origins of the highly modified hypogean Trechini in the western Palaearctic, with a high degree of convergence or parallelism among species occupying the same microenvironment.
An alternative hypothesis is that there were multiple origins of nodulation in the legumes [as suggested by 21].
This pattern suggests that there were multiple origins of Shigella, which is in accordance with the findings of Rolland et al. [ 16], Haggerty et al. [ 17] and Pupo et al. [ 14].
While the origin of BPSD remains unclear; it is presumed there are multiple etiologies for these symptoms.
While there are multiple independent origins of New World and Old World radiations, we conclude that broad-scale geographic distribution in hawkmoths is more phylogenetically conserved than previously postulated.
