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Sham surgery (placebo surgery) is an intervention that omits the step thought to be therapeutically necessary.
The distinction depends less on the animal and more on the student: whether the student has a diagnosed psychiatric disorder, and can document that the animal is therapeutically necessary.
The fighting spirit doesn't end on the front line, as one team leader expressed, "We are here to kick each other in the ass when it's therapeutically necessary".
The acclimatized rats either underwent sham surgery (a faked operative intervention that omits the step thought to be therapeutically necessary) (sham, n = 12) or bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX, n = 57) using the dorsal approach [ 8].
If a drug has no colonic absorption and has a short half-life the transit time in the small intestine (<5 h) is typically not long enough to hold the drug's plasma concentration for 12 or 24 h above the therapeutically necessary level.
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This epidemiologically directed short-term prophylaxis of close contacts may require antiviral stockpiles considerably larger than necessary for therapeutically treating patients, but our model suggests that this investment may still prove cost-saving, providing that the outbreak dissemination patterns and population attributes correlate with those assumed by Longini et al. (Appendix).
That was very necessary for me – both therapeutically and professionally.
They produce a "formulation and management plan"; identify appropriate sources of help and support; intervene therapeutically where appropriate and refer if necessary.
The modulation of the CD8+/CD4+ TIL ratio could therefore be therapeutically significant, although further studies are necessary to clarify these issues, in particular the effects of the different CD4+ TIL subpopulations in GBM.
While maturation is a morphological feature of new vessels (pericyte association), stabilization is the functional property of persisting independently of further VEGF stimulation (Dor et al, 2002; Potente et al, 2011) and is a therapeutically relevant property defining the minimum necessary duration of VEGF delivery to achieve a persistent increase in vascularity.
For use of BMSCs in these applications, ex vivo expansion is necessary to obtain a sufficient, therapeutically useful, number of cells; however, this results in the loss of differentiation potential.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com