In quantum field theory, forces are transmitted by bundles of energy called bosons.
In quantum theory, forces arise from the interchange of certain elementary particles, not from the shape of space-time.
Nevertheless, having a competing theory forced the big-bang cosmologists to strengthen their arguments and to collect supporting data.
Thiel once said, "Thinking about how disturbingly herdlike people become in so many different contexts — mimetic theory forces you to think about that, which is knowledge that's generally suppressed and hidden.
In theory, forced deliveries were thought of as a form of trade in which goods were exchanged, but they were, in fact, as the British scholar J.S. Furnivall described it, "tribute disguised as trade," while contingencies were "tribute undisguised".
Thiel once said, "Thinking about how disturbingly herdlike people become in so many different contexts mimetic theory forces you to think about that, which is knowledge that's generally suppressed and hidden.
This partly redraws the rail map and, in theory, forces the recalcitrant train operators to fight for their futures by re-letting the existing contracts early and on better terms - provided the operators improve performance and invest in better facilities for passengers.
But nothing in the formalism of expected utility theory forces this interpretation on us.
Strongly individualistic social theory tries to construct such teams as equilibria in games amongst individual people, but no assumption built into game theory (or, for that matter, mainstream economic theory) forces this perspective.
