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Testing causal hypotheses and theories requires that alternative explanations of test predictions can be ruled out.
He argues, at great length, that the best version of many philosophical theories requires quantification over possibilities.
The reliable prediction of failure in laminated plates using stress based failure theories requires accurate evaluation of stresses.
Connectability of laws of different theories requires meaning invariance in the form of extensional equivalence between descriptions, with bridge principles between coextensive but distinct terms in different theories.
Although the claim that "testing theories requires other theories" might sound complex, the basic insight can be incorporated into existing science instruction.
He used incommensurability to attack the idea, prominent among logical positivists and logical empiricists, that comparing theories requires translating their consequences into a neutral observation language (cf. Hoyningen-Huene 1993, 213-214).
Similar(50)
One needs to be open to new theories, of course, but big conspiracy theories require big proof, and the Seagraves fail to provide it.
Theories requiring "periodicity" as the sine qua non of rhythm are opposed by theories that include in it even nonrecurrent configurations of movement, as in prose or plainchant.
Instead, scientific theories require observational interpretation through correspondence rules.
Thus such theories require a distinct better-than relation for each agent.
Certain moral theories require agents to maximize agent-centered value (Broome 1991, 14 16).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com