Exact(2)
By contrast, other answers to the question discussed in section 2.1 do not obviously entail that first-order legal theories commit their proponents to thick evaluative claims.
According to this line of thought, defended by Hilary Putnam, our empirically best-supported scientific theories commit us to mathematical entities; ergo, we are entitled to believe in such entities (Putnam 1971).[14] However, it is contentious whether our best-supported empirical theories do commit us to abstract mathematical entities.
Similar(58)
Modal fictionalists take theories committed to the existence of possible worlds, merely hypothetical situations, non-actual but possible objects etc. to be strictly and literally false, and so they avoid the problems of believing in possible worlds.
Throughout its history, the theory has been developed and interpreted in the context of opposition to various forms of what have come to be known as common coding theories of memory: Theories committed to explaining all the relevant phenomena in terms of just one type of code (representational format) common to all memories.
People whose cognitive anomalies impede them from arriving at and articulating complex and rationalized accounts of their own good very often are not accorded full status, and sometimes even are denied considerability, by moral and political theories, including pluralistic liberal theories committed to respecting citizens' diverse values.
Modal fictionalism should be of interest to those concerned with the metaphysics of modality, since theories committed to the literal existence of possible worlds (and, even more worryingly, the literal existence of merely possible objects 'contained' in these worlds) come at a cost, both to economy and to many people's intuitions.
But even in this lesser form of assistance, they say, the Rajoy government would still be required to sign a memorandum of understanding that would, in theory, commit it to putting in place even more of the austerity measures that the Spanish public has been protesting.
The interest in the notion of existence is connected with the question of what entities a theory commits its holder to or what its "ontology" is.
Thus ordinary first-order theory commits one to an ontology only of individuals (particulars), whereas higher order logic commits one to the existence of sets i.e., of collections of definite and distinct entities (or, alternatively, of properties and relations).
Governments are in theory committed to market liberalisation and they know that autarkic nationalism would be toxic: they swallow it in small doses out of short-term political expediency or to curry favour with unions.In contrast, the forces driving companies to go global are relentless and all-embracing.
A theory committed to Hesperus would automatically be committed to Phosphorus, assuming the necessity of identity, even if the theory explicitly claims that Hesperus exists and that Phosphorus doesn't.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com