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"If grammar schools improved social mobility, then controlling for all other factors you would expect more children from grammar schools to be getting to elite universities than from comprehensive schools.
For example, for the first trial of the second block would have an overall trial number of 51, but a block trial number of 0. If participants are merely taking longer to adjust to the difficulty, then controlling for overall trial number, the block trial should explain no variance in the measures.
If, however, the biomarker is on the causal pathway, then controlling for it will introduce bias, of potentially substantial magnitude.
Subsequently, a study design in which a control group was included would require measurement of pre- existing expectation and then controlling for these statistically.
Third, using a hierarchical approach recommended by Victora et al. (18), multivariate analysis was conducted to determine odds ratios (ORs) for non-use of services based on selected, significant structural determinants, first without and then controlling for significant intermediate determinants.
More generally, it is possible that the distribution of doses Z given a large number of covariates may depend on the covariates through only a small number of linear functions of X, say X G for some matrix G. Then controlling for the several variables in X G will 'tend to balance the... variables in X ' [ 21].
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The researchers then controlled for socioeconomic status and income.
The researchers then controlled for heart disease risk factors using statistical models.
The researchers then control for factors such as GDP and distance, isolating free-trade deals as a variable.
I then control for a variety of factors like each firm's age, size, and industry, as well as market-wide trends in Tobin's Q.
The estimated IMEP by model is then controlled for real-time torque control which controls the IMEP of the individual cylinder for torque balance.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com