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Three subspecies are recognised, differing chiefly in the yellowness of their underparts.
Birds of the subspecies intensior have a pale yellow wash on their underparts and cheeks, as well as darker upperparts, while those of the subspecies cinnamomeus have a heavy yellow tinge to their underparts.
Their underparts are paler and yellow-tinged, their foreheads are red, and they have white ovals around the eyes.
Thirteen subspecies have been described, but only three are widely recognised, these differing largely in the colour of their underparts.
The females do not have a pseudo-scrotum, but they do secrete an orange substance that colors their underparts, much like the secretions of males.
Individuals can be reliably sexed as female from about 12 days old by their paler and buffer flanks, or, in some white-breasted subspecies, by the creamier hue of their underparts.
Similar(54)
There were treecreepers, too: half-a-dozen of these charismatic little birds circling the thick trunks of the Scots pines, occasionally flashing their white underparts.
Birds from the montane forests of the Nguru and Usambara Mts (albigula) represent a distinct clade in the molecular analysis and are also readily distinguishable by their grey underparts.
Adult male birds which breed on the mainland have been reported as having lighter upperparts and underparts than their Tasmanian relatives, and females are said to be browner, but these differences may also result from worn plumage.
In the Philippines, it can be confused with the Philippine eagle, which can be distinguished by its crest; immature white-bellied sea eagles resemble immature grey-headed fish eagles, but can be identified by their more wholly dark brown underparts and flight feathers, and wedge-shaped tail.
Birds of the subspecies rutilans are off-white on their cheeks and the sides of their necks, and have pale grey underparts.
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