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Debris flows are of primary concern due to their long runout and the resulting destructive impacts.
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Sub-type II: landslide dams mainly composed of unconsolidated fine debris, which are usually formed by debris flows, avalanches and slides with long runout and substantial entrainment along their travelling path.
High velocities (>80 90 m/s) and long runout confirm the presence of a lubricating medium.
The long runout and estimated high velocities, often exceeding 100 m/s, confirm a low basal friction experienced by these landslides.
Landslides with long runout distance are more likely to be disintegrated and fragmented during the travelling process.
For example, a reduction of friction values to match long runout lahars will result in excessively mobile lahars with high momentum in proximal (near source) zones.
This could be a possible reason for the long runout motion of more than 2 km of the Donghekou complex slide.
Without this capability, it would be difficult to determine the initial geometry of the long runout portion and test the Coe et al. (2016) failure mechanism.
(3) The material experienced a long runout, because of the intrinsically low internal friction of the saturated waste material, aided by steam production.
It was found that groundwater and valley water played key roles in the rapid motion and long runout process of this landslide during the great earthquake.
Through field investigation of the long runout landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake and experimental study of the Donghekou complex landslide, in particular, it was found that the valley water and groundwater played key roles in the long runout and rapid landslide motion during the great earthquake.
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