One well established example in this context are the inflammation promoting consequences of reduced antimicrobial defenses, as they can be seen in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) especially Crohn's disease (CD) (Wehkamp et al, 2008).
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a well established example in that patients with IBD have an increased risk for the development of CRC [ 4].
Well established examples are the genes, TFBSs, CpG dinucleotides, microRNA genes and ultra-conserved non-coding regions.
As in experimental fungal diseases there are a few but well established examples of antibodies whose protective value is modulated depending on the isotype [33], [38], we wondered whether, and to what extent, the anti-β-glucan IgM was also protective.
Reverse osmosis (RO) is increasingly used as a separation technique in chemical and environmental engineering; desalination, selective separation and wastewater treatment are well established examples.
Reverse osmosis (RO) is increasingly used as a separation technique in chemical and environmental engineering where desalination, selective separation and wastewater treatment are well established examples.
While there are many examples of HGT between prokaryotes [ 20], well established examples of HGT from prokaryotic into metazoan organisms are relatively few, with some examples revealed to be artifacts of improper analysis [ 13, 21- 23].
Well established examples of non-exponential population growth apply to global demography (super-exponential or hyperbolic case; q=2 [ 10]) and some molecular replicator systems (sub-exponential or parabolic case; q=1/2 [ 11]).
Even for known recessive disease genes, human knockouts can have a dramatic phenotype that bears little or no resemblance to the well established recessive disease; for example, the NEB gene, which encodes a large cytoskeletal protein, causes embryonic lethality in human knockouts, whereas in those with less severe biallelic mutations it only causes myopathy [ 3].
For example, consider the well established positive association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer that is evident through numerous well-designed biomedical studies.
