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The horizontal spatial configuration of the stimuli (±10° either side of fixation) was used in all conditions except the "visual onset location change" condition in which the test patches were located 10° above and below fixation.
Finally, the vertical and horizontal orientations of the pedestal and grating was using in all conditions except the "visual onset +45°" condition in which the orientations of both pedestal and target were rotated by 45°.
For the speech production model, the visual onset of each of the 6 syllables was modeled with a canonical hemodynamic response function as an event-related response separately for covert and overt naming trials, in addition to 6 movement regressors of no interest and the session mean.
The prevailing explanation of temporal ventriloquism suggests that visual onsets are "pulled" toward the auditory onsets, thereby creating a perceived audiovisual onset that is a weighted average of the visual and auditory onsets but leans more toward the auditory than toward the visual onset moment.
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(C) When the flankers are identical and presented asynchronously to the visual onsets, TOJ performance is similarly improved (temporal ventriloquism).
(D) When flankers differ and are presented asynchronously, TOJ performance is improved consistent with the timing of the visual onsets being even further apart.
Averaged PSEs across 20 participants, according to the cross-modal flanker condition, for all data (top) and directional data (bottom; see Fig. 5 for condition names) based on whether the cross-modal flankers occurred synchronously with the visual onsets, or led the first and lagged the second visual onset by 100 ms. Error bars are SEM.
Logistic function fitted to the data from a single representative participant in the audio noise only condition (cross-modal flankers were the same), presented synchronously and asynchronously with the visual onsets.
(B) When cross-modal flankers are presented synchronously but differ in modality (or feature within modality), TOJ performance is consistent with the perceived timing of the visual onsets being further apart.
Decreasing the precision with which the sequential visual temporal order judgement is made, for example by embedding the visual onsets within visual noise, should increase the influence of cross-modal featural information relative to the basic spatial and temporal contributions, increasing the difference in performance between different flanker combination conditions.
When the flanker lagged the left visual onset and led the right visual onset, participants were more likely to report rightward apparent motion (or vice versa).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com