Among the related cells within an embryo, it is the usage of a given set of genes that differentiates the branches.
Other genes may be employed for DNA barcoding, but, especially among Arthropoda, the interest on COI over other genes is mainly due to its well conserved and single copy sequence, which makes the amplification by PCR reaction easier, allowing the usage of a small set of primers.
For example, lack in continuity of time series at high temporal resolution in the usage of an extensive data set for studying the climatic suitability in malaria transmission in Africa through the Malaria Risk in Africa (MARA) project [23] and similarly in Europe by Kuhn et al. [24].
Recent studies in E. coli have demonstrated experimentally that perturbation in the codon usage of a set of 40 proteins affected both the translation of the proteins and the tRNA levels in the cell [ 14].
We used as a reference set the codon usage of a set of highly expressed genes in E. coli (Sharp and Li 1986).
It is important to emphasize that the usage of an ensemble of data sets allows to reveal the characteristics of an inference algorithm relentlessly, because it provides information about the distribution of a performance measure, instead of a single value, for assessing the inference algorithm [ 39].
The main modification to the protocol is usage of a set of alternative library amplification primers which contain sequence features compatible with both the adapter sequences that were introduced during the initial adapter ligation as well as the oligonucleotides deposited on the Illumina Genome Analyzer flow cell.
This model considers the usage possibility of a set of alternative routes for each of the applied transportation modes and consequently improves the network reliability.
In this paper, we focus on DSM which operates based on the knowledge of aggregate information of real-time energy usage of a set of consumers instead of each individual consumer (see Fig. 1).
The directional measure CAI does not have this property as it measures deviation from usage of a set of pre-defined preferred codons.
