The cosmos, according to aluk, is divided into the upper world (heaven), the world of man (earth), and the underworld.
The inestimable value of soil is exemplarily summarized in the definition provided by the European Union (2006), which considers it as "the upper layer of the earth's crust, formed by mineral particles, organic matter, water, air and living organisms".
Professors David Keith, of Harvard University, and Ken Caldeira of Stanford, [see footnote] are the world's two leading advocates of major research into geoengineering the upper atmosphere to provide earth with a reflective shield.
The revelation is just one of many emerging new ideas about family ties in the upper reaches of the earth's 3.5-billion-year-old tree of life, in particular ties among plants and between them and other higher forms of existence.
Igneous rocks make up approximately 95% of the upper 10 miles of earth's crust.
Some of these gases are released into the atmosphere or hydrosphere while the rest accumulates in the upper layers of the earth's crust.
The elements constituting the water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen, undergo changes in the various phases of hydrologic environments; atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and the upper part of the earth's crust.
Yet, as we have noted, B28 refers without qualification to "the upper limit of the earth that is seen (horatai) here at our feet" and B32 appears to encourage those in Xenophanes' audience to 'look at' or 'observe' (idesthai) the multi-colored cloud that is the rainbow.
And since they occupy a region midway between the surface of the earth and the upper regions of the heavens, they are well positioned to link the two basic substances of earth and water with many astronomical phenomena.
The earth keeps the upper hand because its gravitational field (gravity) is 81 times as strong as the moon's.
