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Studies of the gene flow within and between the two molecular forms revealed, however, complex patterns of differentiation.
Alternatively, reproductive barriers between the two molecular forms could be severely broken down, but negative selection could still be acting against heterozygous genotypes and favour some genotype associations.
In this study, we attempted to describe how the ace-1R mutation occurred in the two molecular forms M and S of A. gambiae s.s., i.e., whether by independent evolutionary gains or by introgression.
Before any release of transgenic mosquitoes can be envisaged, we need an accurate picture of the differentiation between the two molecular forms of An. gambiae, termed M and S, which are of uncertain taxonomic status.
The kdr allele, which confers knock-down resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), was mainly present in S individuals, and so this too was segregated between the two molecular forms [see 4], [12 for reviews].
The two molecular forms of An. gambiae s.s.s
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Fixed nucleotide differences in X-linked ribosomal DNA genes led to the designation of two "molecular forms", named M and S, among which gene flow appears highly restricted, to the extent that both forms are currently recognized as incipient species (reviewed in [ 9]).
Following the early recognition of the five cytoforms, the species was tentatively split into two molecular forms, denoted M and S, identified by RFLP patterns in the X-linked ribosomal DNA (rDNA) intergenic spacer (IGS) (Favia et al. 1997; della Torre et al. 2001 , 2002.
In the rainforest of southern Cameroon ecological divergence between two molecular forms of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae along urbanization gradients [ 18] is postulated to be the outcome of niche expansion by the M form, a process driven by disruptive selection and local adaptation to marginal habitats [ 17].
The TCR gamma polypeptide occurs as a dimer in at least two molecular forms based on the absence or presence of disulphide linkage.
The surface GP is coded by the GP gene, and is expressed in two molecular forms (GP1 and GP2) that are generated by an RNA editing mechanism; it has important roles in virus infection and pathogenesis, and its expression is tightly regulated during virus replication.
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