Damage to the podocytes, either directly in PHN or indirectly through mesangial injury in Thy 1.1 nephritis, may then interfere with the normal turnover function of meprin and may thus disturb the steady-state processing of GBM components and hence enhance progression of the disease.
The E3 ligase Pirh2 regulates the turnover and function of proteins involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, cell cycle checkpoint regulation, and cell death (Halaby et al., 2013).
This suggested that these dynamins may play a role in epithelial integrity as opposed to having a stem cell-based tissue turnover function.
Most of them have been characterized as regulatory proteins or enzymes of peptidoglycan turnover; functions of others remain unknown but they are likely to have a general role in cell division and/or development.
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) controls the turnover and biological function of most proteins within the cell, and alterations in this process can contribute to cancer progression, neurodegenerative disorders and pathogenicity associated with microbes.
As reported in [ 10], E and A play distinct and separable roles in cycling control: the activity (RT / R0) is mainly delivered by E0 and the turnover rate is a function of A0.
Thus, this housekeeping function allows the turnover of long-lived proteins, of cytoplasmic organelles, as well as of pathogens, and is related to cellular functions during nutrient starvation, cell death, repair, and infection [ 33].
The ESCRT machinery plays a fundamental role in the turnover of membrane bound cargo and functions to terminate receptor signaling in multiple contexts [5].
Further studies are needed to address the influence of UPS (dys)function on the turnover of these and other mitochondrial proteins.
Future work will be aimed at deciphering whether PP4 and PP2A have distinct functions in the turnover of H2AX phosphorylation and also how they cooperate with the chromatin remodelling processes that act at the sites of DNA damage to control the DNA damage response.
