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The total richness of species within remnants was strongly associated with the size of remnants.
The remaining 19% and the total richness of taxa showed the largest variance at the scale of locations.
The total richness of macrophytes was most strongly determined by land use and hydrology within 1 km of the lake for landscape buffers and 500 m for catchment buffers.
We applied this approach here to estimate the total richness of the samples from the target communities, which allows a direct comparison between such samples (Table 1).
Our approach is similarly dynamic and extends these studies to consider current protection, amount of land converted, amount of habitat available, and data on endemism and the total richness of both plants and vertebrates.
Sequences sharing 97% nucleotide identity or more were assigned to the same Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU), and the total richness of 16S rRNA genes in the Sydney Tar Ponds (number of OTUs) was calculated using the program DOTUR [21].
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At the 1-Ma-scale, the diversity curve using the total richness (NTOT) of anomodonts (Fig. 2e) shows the three peaks and extinctions described for the time-uncorrected richness curve at the LVF-scale and the curve at the 5-Ma-scale.
Landscape type, on the other hand, influenced both the total richness and the richness of each of the species groups that were considered to be of particular conservation value in the present study: field margins in the complex agricultural landscapes were significantly richer than those in the simple ones.
In the liberal re-sort, the observed richness falls short of the estimated, as expected, but the estimators do reach asymptote by 14 sites sampled, with the Chao2 estimator of richness being 60.4 (reasonably above the observed total richness of 48).
The overall richness was related to the forest type, following the order deciduous > mixed > evergreen, and ranging from 39 to 21 species, of which 33% of the total richness (15 species) were found in all forest types.
The estimated total richness of fungal OTUs, with 'sampling area' extrapolated to 106 root systems (24 clones from each) and randomisation by bootstrapping, resulted in estimation of 226 (± 32) OTUs to occur in the Tromsø main locality, 229 (± 28) in Ny-Ålesund, 177 (± 28) in Longyearbyen, and 169 (± 22) in Finse.
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