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The benefit-to-cost (B/C) ratio is determined by taking the total present value of all financial benefits of an air pollution control project and dividing it by the total present value of all the costs of the project.
Using the data on pumping power and area of heat exchange, the total present cost was evaluated using a cost model for shell-and-tube heat exchangers.
The two conflicting objectives are the minimization of the total present maintenance cost and the maximization of the network performance indicator.
Increases in the total present value of the flow of pensions that a person will receive from the year she retires to the year she dies, i.e. a rise in SSW, increases the hazard.
The NPV is calculated with a 10%% discount factor for each year; the total present value of the cash inflows generated for the period of 9 years is subtracted from the first year to give the final NPV.
Assuming that the total present value of the operating cost is calculated as a faction of the original investment and all other factors remain steady and constant, the break-even investment price is re-written as in (2).
Similar(46)
The total present-day heat production H c in the Martian crust is calculated from the concentration of heat-producing elements as determined from Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS) data (Hahn et al. 2011) and from the rates of heat release presented by Turcotte and Schubert (2002).
Individuals with missing data were excluded and so the totals presented vary a little according to the information available.
One caveat required when looking at the breakdown of alternative splicing by class in Table 3 is that the sums of the nine splicing classes exceed the totals presented above.
The annihilation in the last line is total: "Present not hearkened to, absent forgot".
The abundance of a species present in the sample but absent from the sub-sample was scored as the total number present in the sample.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com