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Constitutional change ultimately flows from the bottom up, not the top down (which results in "democratic constitutionalism"), but the courts play an important if subsidiary role in codifying and extending values that the American people themselves have come to embrace as fundamental (which results in "democratic constitutionalism").
The most imposing of the tombs is Qasr Al Farid, carved from a single sandstone monolith, from the top down, which we explore without another traveler in sight, as though we are with Charles Doughty, the British explorer who came across this treasure in 1876.
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IMP solubility also challenges the "top down" approach in which intact proteins are introduced directly to the mass spectrometer.
The classical approach called "top-down" which consists in a functional analysis and a definition of the tasks sequences is insufficient for micromanufacturing systems.
Of those, miR-9 is one of the top down-regulated miRNAs, which implies that miR-9 might participate the regulation process of chemoresistance.
The top-down approach, which dominated the field at that time, presupposes that a computer must first be supplied with an internal representation of the "essential" features of the world in which it operates an immensely difficult framework problem for all but the very simplest tasks.
The top-down approaches, which use various kinds of lithographic techniques to pattern nanoscale structures typically in two dimensions, allow to fabricate different and complex structures with high precision.
A strategy that has become more prevalent in the investment world is the top-down approach, which begins with the overall market and works its way down to sectors and eventually individual stocks.
The identification of the protein as OBP-9 was also supported by the measure of the monoisotopic mass (13,926.71 Da fig. S2 D, the theoretical monoisotopic masses of OBP9 and OBP6 being respectively 13,926.77 and 13,925.80 Da respectively) and by the top-down experiments, which produced a spectrum compatible with the N terminal EFVV stretch of OBP9 (see supplemental material Text S1 and fig. S2 E).
Despite this potential importance, large discrepancies still exists between emission flux measurements, so-called "bottom-up" methods and the "top-down" approach which tries to combine in situ observations and simulations with fluxes ranging from ∼0.1 to 1.9 Tg C yr 1 and ∼11.6 Tg C yr 1, respectively.
As both a donor and recipient of aid, Brazil breaks the top-down paradigm in which aid is traditionally perceived.
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